Pengantar
Secara manual, melukis garis singgung persekutuan luar dari dua lingkaran dilakukan sebagai berikut.
- Buatlah lingkaran berpusat di A dan berjari-jari r_1. Sebutlah L_1.
- Buatlah lingkaran berpusat di B dan berjari-jari r_2. Sebutlah L_2.
- Tetapkan titik tengah (sebutlah O) dari \overline{AB}.
- Buatlah lingkaran berpusat di O dan berjari-jari OA. Sebutlah L.
- Buatlah lingkaran berpusat di A dan berjari-jari r_3. Sebutlah L_3.
- Tetapkan titik potong dari L dan L_3, sebutlah C dan D.
- Perpanjangkan \overline{AC} sehingga memotong L_1 di (sebutlah) E.
- Perpanjangkan \overline{AD} sehingga memotong L_1 di (sebutlah) F.
- Dari B buatlah ruas garis sejajar \overline{CE} sehingga memotong L_2 di (sebutlah) G.
- Dari B buatlah ruas garis sejajar \overline{DF} sehingga memotong L_2 di (sebutlah) H.
- \overleftrightarrow{EG} dan \overleftrightarrow{FH} masing-masing merupakan garis singgung persekutuan luar dari L_1 dan L_2.
Lukisan
Berdasarkan urutan langkah di atas, kita gambarkan garis singgung persekutuan luar dari dua lingkaran itu sebagai berikut. Dalam hal ini kembali kita gunakan paket TikZ.
Sebagai contoh, kita tetapkan lingkaran L_1 dengan pusat A(0,0) dan jari-jari 2\,\textrm{cm}. Untuk memenuhi jarak yang memadai, kita tempatkan lingkaran L_2 berpusat di B(5.1,0) dan jari-jari 2\,\textrm{cm}. Kemudian, sekaligus, kita tetapkan koordinat O sebagai titik tengah dari \overline{AB}.
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\coordinate (A) at (0,0) coordinate (B) at (5.1,0) coordinate (O) at ($(A)!.5!(B)$); |
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\draw[thick,name path=L1,Turquoise4] (A) circle (2cm); | |
\draw[thick,name path=L2,Turquoise4] (B) circle (1cm); | |
\draw[name path=L3,Azure4] | |
let | |
\p1=($(O)-(A)$), %jari-jari | |
\n1={veclen(\x1,\y1)} %panjang jari-jari | |
in | |
(O) circle (\n1); |
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\draw[thick,name path=L4,Chocolate2] (A) circle (1cm); | |
\path [name intersections={of = L3 and L4, by={C,D}}]; |
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\draw[name path=g1,Azure4] (A)--($(A)!2.1cm!(C)$); | |
\draw[name path=g2,Azure4] (A)--($(A)!2.1cm!(D)$); | |
\path [name intersections={of = L1 and g1, by={E}}]; | |
\path [name intersections={of = L1 and g2, by={F}}]; |
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\coordinate (P) at ($(B)!1.1cm!-90:(C)$); | |
\coordinate (Q) at ($(B)!1.1cm!90:(D)$); |
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\draw[name path=g3,Azure4] (B)--(P); | |
\draw[name path=g4,Azure4] (B)--(Q); | |
\path [name intersections={of = L2 and g3, by={G}}]; | |
\path [name intersections={of = L2 and g4, by={H}}] |
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\draw[thick,Brown3] ($(E)!-1cm!(G)$)--($(E)!6cm!(G)$); |
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\draw[thick,Brown3] ($(F)!-1cm!(H)$)--($(F)!6cm!(H)$); |
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\foreach \p in {O,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H} | |
\draw[fill] (\p) circle[radius=1pt]; |
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\node[left] at (A) {$A$}; | |
\node[right] at (B) {$B$}; | |
\node[below] at (O) {$O$}; | |
\node[above left] at (C) {$C$}; | |
\node[below left] at (D) {$D$}; | |
\node[above] at (E) {$E$}; | |
\node[below] at (F) {$F$}; | |
\node[above] at (G) {$G$}; | |
\node[below] at (H) {$H$}; |
Penutup
Bila diinginkan hanya lingkaran A, lingkaran B, dan kedua garis singgung itu yang ditunjukkan, maka gantilah perintah \draw oleh \path untuk tiap lingkaran dan ruas garis yang ingin "disembunyikan". Kemudian hapus perintah untuk menggambar noktah koordinat dan hapus juga perintah \node untuk penamaan koordinat tersebut. Hasilnya tampak sebagai berikut.Untuk gambar tersebut diperlukan imajinasi/penalaran terutama berkaitan dengan penetapan perpotongan (intersections) dari dua kurva dan penetapan koordinat yang diperlukan.
Demikian semoga bermanfaat.
\square Adjie Gumarang Pujakelana 2017
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